Question 1

Which letters correspond to the four elements of modeling from Bandura's theory?

Accepted Answer

A)   MIMA 
B)   AMID 
C)   BANDURA
D)   MOMA E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 2

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) 
________.

Accepted Answer

A)   unconditioned response
B)   unconditioned stimulus
C)   conditioned response
D)   conditioned stimulusE) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 3

Negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that:

Accepted Answer

A)   a consequence stimulus is delivered in a negative manner.
B)   it results in the removal of the behavior.
C)   the behavior results in the removal of a negative reinforcer.
D)   the behavior is decreased/weakened.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 4

A discriminative stimulus is typically viewed as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   something negative 
B)   a cue 
C)   promoting punishment
D)   a warning E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 5

Your professor has informed you at the beginning of the term that you will have eight tests--but they will all be unannounced. This is most similar to a ________ reinforcement schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed interval
B)   fixed ratio
C)   variable interval
D)   variable ratioE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 6

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   primary reinforcers
B)   successive approximations 
C)   secondary reinforcers 
D)   unconditioned stimuli E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 7

Which schedule of reinforcement reinforces the first correct response after a constant interval of time has elapsed?

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed ratio
B)   variable ratio
C)   fixed interval
D)   variable intervalE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 8

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)   grades
B)   water
C)   money
D)   recognitionE) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 9

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS)  in the case of Little Albert?

Accepted Answer

A)   a white rat 
B)   a loud noise 
C)   a high chair
D)   a small enclosed space E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 10

After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   higher-order conditioning 
B)   neoclassical conditioning
C)   generalization 
D)   operant conditioning E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 11

Why does fear caused by punishment make the punishment ineffective in changing behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)   Fear leads the child to forget the behavior that was punished.
B)   Fear produces resentment that makes the child rebellious and disobedient.
C)   Fear interferes with the child's ability to learn from the punishment.
D)   The use of punishment negates the possibility of using reinforcement in similar situations in the future. E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 12

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating that it is noontime. This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast. In this example, the conditioned response is:

Accepted Answer

A)   the act of eating breakfast.
B)   the act of eating lunch.
C)   the counting of the number of hours since breakfast.
D)   the watching of the hands of the clock.E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 13

Seligman's concept of learned helplessness has been extended into the field of psychopathology to explain the emergence of schizophrenia in late adolescence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which of the following is a conditioned positive reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)   money
B)   sex
C)   food
D)   warmthE) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 15

On a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   for the first correct response after a specific amount of time has passed
B)   for correct responses after randomly varying amounts of time have passed
C)   after a specific number of responses are given
D)   after a randomly varying number of responses are givenE) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 16

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye. Later, he blinks when he hears the tone. Before ending the experiment, what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?

Accepted Answer

A)   present the tone alone repeatedly
B)   present the puff of air alone repeatedly
C)   increase the loudness of the tone
D)   increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eyeE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 17

Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in:

Accepted Answer

A)   extinction.
B)   spontaneous recovery.
C)   stimulus discrimination.
D)   stimulus generalization.E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 18

On a fixed-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   for correct responses after randomly varying amounts of time have passed
B)   after a specific number of responses are given
C)   for the first correct response after a specific amount of time has passed
D)   after a randomly varying number of responses are givenE) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 19

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n)  ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   unconditioned response 
B)   voluntary response
C)   conditioned response
D)   digestive reflux E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)   Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion. 
B)   Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
C)   Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.
D)   Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food. E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Exam 5: Learning

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why does fear caused by punishment make the punishment ineffective in changing behavior?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

On a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Your professor has informed you at the beginning of the term that you will have eight tests--but they will all be unannounced. This is most similar to a ________ reinforcement schedule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A discriminative stimulus is typically viewed as ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which letters correspond to the four elements of modeling from Bandura's theory?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

On a fixed-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n) ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a conditioned positive reinforcer?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating that it is noontime. This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast. In this example, the conditioned response is:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye. Later, he blinks when he hears the tone. Before ending the experiment, what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which schedule of reinforcement reinforces the first correct response after a constant interval of time has elapsed?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Seligman's concept of learned helplessness has been extended into the field of psychopathology to explain the emergence of schizophrenia in late adolescence.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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