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Exam 24: Evolution by Natural Selection

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Question 1

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Explain how one of the following supports the idea that species change through time: artificial selection,extinction,transitional forms,vestigial traits,or antibiotic resistance.

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Artificial selection shows us that by se...

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Question 2

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Claytonia virginica is a woodland spring herb with flowers that vary from white to pale pink to bright pink.Slugs prefer to eat pink-flowering over white-flowering plants (due to chemical differences between the two) ,and plants experiencing severe herbivory are more likely to die.The bees that pollinate this plant also prefer pink to white flowers,so that Claytonia with pink flowers have a greater relative fruit set than Claytonia with white flowers.A researcher observes that the percentage of different flower colors remains stable in the study population from year to year.If the researcher removes all slugs from the study population,what do you expect to happen to the distribution of flower colors in the population over time?

A) The percentage of pink flowers should increase over time.
B) The percentage of white flowers should increase over time.
C) The distribution of flower colors should not change.
D) The distribution of flower colors should randomly fluctuate over time.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Question 3

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Researchers have found fossils of Eocene horse species in Colorado.Deeper deposits contain smaller species,and more recent deposits contain larger species.How does this observation support the theory of evolution?

You sequence the genes that code for an important glycolytic enzyme in a moth,a mushroom,a worm,and an alga,and find a high degree of sequence similarity among these distantly related species.This is an example of

Parasitic species tend to have simple morphologies.Which of the following statements best explains this observation?

Which of the following is a fitness trade-off?

A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field.For the first few years,the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies;but after several years,the farmer sees more and more pigweed.Which of these explanations best describes this observation?

Gill pouches in chick,human,and house-cat embryos are an example of

Tourist companies start visiting Island X,where the new colony of medium ground finches (see previous question) feeds on the tough-fruited Tribulus cistoides.The tourist companies set up reliable feeding stations with a variety of bird seeds (different types and sizes) ,so that tourists can get a better look at the finches.Which of these events is now most likely to occur to finch beaks on Island X?

Which of the following has the highest Darwinian fitness?

Which of the following scientists argued that variation among individuals allows evolution to occur?

Figure 24.1 The following question(s) are based on information in Hopi E. Hoekstra, Kristen E. Drumm, and Michael W. Nachman, "Ecological Genetics of Adaptive Color Polymorphism in Pocket Mice: Geographic Variation in Selected and Neutral Genes," Evolution 58(6) , 2004: 1329-41. -Refer to Figure 24.1.In their investigation of natural selection on Mc1r alleles (the gene that determines coat color) in Arizona pocket mice,Hoekstra et al.determined the frequency of the D and d alleles in each population.They also determined the frequency of alleles for two neutral mitochondrial DNA genes (genes that do not affect and are not linked to coat color) .Why did the researchers include the mitochondrial DNA genes as part of their experimental design?

After the drought of 1977,researchers hypothesized that on Daphne Major,medium ground finches with large,deep beaks survived better than those with smaller beaks because they could more easily crack and eat the tough Tribulus cistoides fruits.If this hypothesis is true,what would you expect to observe if a population of these medium ground finches colonizes a nearby island where Tribulus cistoides is the primary available food in all years? Assume that (1) even the survivors of the 1977 drought sometimes had difficulty cracking the tough T.cistoides fruits and would eat other seeds when offered a choice,and (2) food availability is the primary limit on finch fitness on this new island.

Fishers typically target the largest,and thus,oldest fish.Given this fishing strategy,which of the following would be the most likely outcome due to natural selection over time on life history traits.Which of the following best predicts the effect of natural selection due to this fishing strategy on the life history traits of the commercially popular fish?

Figure 24.3 In Figure 24.3,chart X above shows the frequency of the most common neutral mitochondrial DNA allele (an allele for a gene that does not affect and is not linked to coat color)across six pocket-mouse populations.Populations C,D,and E live on dark volcanic rock;populations A,B,and F live on light-colored granite.Compare this figure with chart Y above.What should you conclude after comparing these two figures? A)The most common neutral mitochondrial DNA allele is strongly associated with substrate color. B)The most common neutral mitochondrial DNA allele is strongly associated with the frequency of the Mc1r D allele. C)The most common neutral mitochondrial DNA allele varies more among populations than the Mc1r D allele. D)Little to no correlation exists between neutral mitochondrial DNA alleles and habitat color.

Figure 24.1 The following question(s) are based on information in Hopi E. Hoekstra, Kristen E. Drumm, and Michael W. Nachman, "Ecological Genetics of Adaptive Color Polymorphism in Pocket Mice: Geographic Variation in Selected and Neutral Genes," Evolution 58(6) , 2004: 1329-41. -The figure above shows the distribution of pocket-mouse coat colors in several Arizona populations found either on light-colored granite substrate or on dark volcanic rock (dark substrate) .The Melanocortin-1 receptor (Mc1r) alleles,D and d,differ by four amino acids.Mice with DD and Dd genotypes have dark coats,whereas mice with the dd genotype are light colored.What sort of genotype frequencies might you expect to find in the Xmas,Mid,and O'Neill populations?

The changes in the commercially popular fish populations' life history traits is an example of what type of selection pressure?

Vestigial traits and neutral changes in DNA sequences are good examples of

Which of the following is an example of acclimation?

A patient has finished his treatment for a bacterial infection with an antibiotic and feels better.However,four days later the same bacterial infection returns.The doctor prescribes the same course of antibiotics,but this time these antibiotics do not cure the patient.What would be the most likely reason for this?