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Cognitive evaluation theory tries to explain why


A) extrinsic rewards reduce the intrinsic interest in an activity.
B) delayed incentives are less motivating than immediate incentives.
C) reinforcers can become incentives.
D) a person enjoys doing what she does well.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Punishers _________ behavior and reinforcers __________ behavior.


A) decrease, increase
B) increase, decrease
C) decrease, decrease
D) increase, increase

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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How are incentives defined or described according to Prospect Theory?


A) Positive and negative incentives are unfulfilled promises and threats.
B) Incentives are those behavioral consequences that a person values positively or negatively.
C) Positive and negative incentives are stimuli that show an increase or decrease in utility
D) Positive and negative incentives are gains and losses from a neutral reference point

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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What are some ways that extrinsic motivation affects intrinsic motivation?

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Which statement best summarizes the differences between reinforcers and incentives?


A) Reinforcers affect feelings while incentives affect behavior.
B) Reinforcers are actual consequences of behavior while incentives are expected consequences.
C) Reinforcers increase behaviors while incentives decrease behavior.
D) Reinforcers refer to anticipated gains while incentives refer to actual gains.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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What factor(s) are treated in temporal motivation theory?


A) delay interval
B) incentive value
C) intrinsic motivation
D) delay interval and incentive value

E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

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According to the law of hedonic contrast


A) positive feelings result from an increase in the amount of a positive incentive.
B) negative feelings result from a decline in the amount of a positive incentive.
C) both answers a and b
D) incentive changes produce changes in behavior but not in feelings or emotions.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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The reward for a behavior can occur immediately or be delayed, such as a good grade on a course paper is delivered the next day or is delivered the next week. What does the means-end-fusion model predict?


A) Either grade delivery equally increases the student's interest in the writing process.
B) The immediate grade raises the enjoyment of the writing process more.
C) The delayed grade raises intrinsic motivation for the writing process more.
D) The means-end fusion model makes no predictions.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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What are contrast effects in incentive motivation? Include positive incentive contrast, negative incentive contrast, positive hedonic contrast, and negative hedonic contrast.

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Which student will put forth the most academic effort in a course? A student who


A) is intrinsically motivated and values grades little
B) is not intrinsically motivated and values grades little
C) is not intrinsically motivated and values grades highly
D) is intrinsically motivated and values grades highly

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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The relationship between money and its utility follows Fechner's Law. Accordingly, as the amount of money increases in constant amounts, then the utility of money


A) increases in smaller and smaller amounts.
B) increases in constant amounts.
C) remains constant.
D) decreases in smaller and smaller amounts.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Two students each earn a B grade in a course. This B grade lowers the GPA 0.10 points for one student and raises the GPA 0.10 points for the other student. Which student will experience the greatest subjective change (positive or negative) in satisfaction?


A) GPA changes have no influence on satisfaction
B) student whose GPA increased
C) student whose GPA decreased
D) equally for both students, since GPA changed 0.10 units for both

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Comparing extrinsic motivation to intrinsic motivation, what is the effect of intrinsic motivation on behavior? Intrinsic motivation most strongly


A) increases the quality of behavior
B) decreases the quantity of behavior
C) has no effect on the quantity of behavior
D) decreases the quality of behavior

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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A

Reference pricing is a factor in what concept?


A) the IKEA Effect
B) incentive contrast
C) gains loom larger than losses
D) incentive delay

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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A child is engaged in an activity that is intrinsically motivating. What effect does an extrinsic reward have on the intrinsic interest of that activity? The extrinsic reward


A) increases the child's intrinsic interest provided the reward is candy.
B) increases the child's interest.
C) decreases the child's interest.
D) has no effect on the child's interest.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Students who procrastinate


A) are happier over all
B) have lower GPAs
C) have higher GPAs
D) experience greater well-being at the semester's end

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

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B

a. What is temporal motivation theory? b. Define procrastination. c. How does temporal motivation theory account for procrastination?

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What is the function of curiosity?


A) Curiosity motivates a child to control her environment.
B) Curiosity is an example of intrinsic motivation and has no function.
C) Curiosity motivates a child to explore and learn about her environment.
D) Curiosity focuses a person's intrinsic motivational orientation.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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a. Differentiate among the following: positive incentives, negative incentives, reinforcers, and punishers. b. Describe the type or category of behavior motivated by each.

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a. Positive incentives are like rewards that a person strives to attain. Negative incentives are like threats or penalties that a person strives to avoid. Reinforcers are contingent consequences of behaviors that increase that behavior (attained positive incentives). Punishers are contingent consequences of behaviors that decrease that behavior (un-avoided negative incentives). b. Positive incentives are valued enticements, inducements, or reasons that act like promises. They motivate approach behavior, which means an individual behaves in a manner that will lead to the attainment of the incentives. Incentives are anticipated. An example is an anticipated A on an exam for diligent studying or an anticipated bonus for meeting the company's sales goal. Negative incentives are negatively valued deterrents or penalties that act like threats. They motivate avoidance behavior, which means an individual behaves in a manner that results in circumventing, dodging, or evading the incentive. Negative incentives are anticipated if individuals perform the wrong behavior. An example is an anticipated library fine, if books are returned late or an anticipated speeding ticket for exceeding the speed limit. A reinforcer is the attainment of the positive incentive. The reinforcer increases the frequency of behavior that resulted in the positive incentive. Reinforcers act on past behavior while incentives act on future behaviors. In other words, a reinforcer increases or maintains behavior. But an anticipated reinforcer is an incentive. For example, an A-grade reinforces studying but the grade also serves as an incentive for a student to study. Punishers occur when an individual failed to avoid the negative incentive. Punisher are defined as decreasing the frequency of the behavior that resulted in the negative incentive. For example, an individual should eventually quit speeding after receiving a number of speeding tickets.

The effects of crowding out results


A) in an increase in intrinsic motivation.
B) in a temporary decrease in intrinsic motivation.
C) in a permanent decrease in intrinsic motivation.
D) in increased self-efficacy of behavior.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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