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The extent to which parents __________ contributes strongly to early language progress.


A) provide toys or interesting activities for children
B) actively teach children letters and sounds
C) talk to infants and toddlers
D) speak to each other and to other adults

E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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Chomsky believed that children __________.


A) have to be taught the complex rules of sentence organization
B) discover the rules of grammar by listening to more skilled older children and adults
C) can understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion as soon as they pick up enough words
D) can master a grammatically complex language system if they experience a highly stimulating environment

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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According to Vygotsky, make-believe, like other complex mental activities, is __________.


A) first learned under the guidance of experts
B) discovered once toddlers are capable of representational schemes
C) a core domain of thought, prewired at birth to support rapid development
D) an automatic process, so well-learned that it requires no space in working memory

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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According to Noam Chomsky, all children have a __________ device that contains a universal grammar.


A) language acquisition
B) listening
C) speaking
D) neurotransmission

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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Two-year-old Laura dropped a block into her toy box. She then dropped a cup, a car, and a doll-some gently, and some with force. Laura's modification of her dropping scheme is an example of __________.


A) equilibrium
B) organization
C) accommodation
D) assimilation

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) is a checklist for __________.


A) determining whether a child is ahead, behind, or on time in mental development
B) gathering information about the quality of a child's home life
C) making long-term predictions about a child's later intelligence
D) measuring cognitive skills, such as object permanence and categorization

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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Laboratory research suggests that deferred imitation is __________.


A) possible at birth
B) present at 6 weeks of age
C) not possible until mastery of object permanence
D) a skill that only develops in Western cultures

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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Research on infantile amnesia suggests that adults typically cannot remember events that happened during the first few years of life because __________.


A) early memories are stored in an explicit memory system that makes recall difficult
B) young children rely too heavily on verbal memory techniques
C) long-term memory does not emerge until around age 7
D) they cannot translate early preverbal memories into language

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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The more time caregivers and infants spend in joint play with objects, the __________.


A) slower babies' vocabulary growth
B) earlier babies use preverbal gestures
C) later babies say their first word
D) more often caregivers speak for infants

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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__________ is more challenging than __________.


A) Recall; recognition
B) Recognition; short-term recall
C) Recognition; long-term recall
D) Identification; retrieval

E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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Most infant tests predict __________.


A) school achievement well
B) later intelligence poorly
C) motor responses poorly
D) adult vocational success well

E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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Chomsky's LAD is a(n) __________.


A) device that allows parents to directly teach language to children
B) linguistic tutoring device by which parents provide children assistance in learning grammatical rules
C) computer device that attempts to generate the linguistic rules that are needed for language acquisition
D) innate language system that enables children to understand and speak in a rule-oriented fashion

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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Four-month-old Michaela groups stimuli on the basis of shape and size. This means that Michaela is able to __________.


A) habituate
B) categorize
C) defer imitation
D) sustain attention

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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Research suggests that infants __________.


A) can discriminate quantities up to five
B) have basic numerical knowledge
C) can multiply and divide single-digit problems
D) experience cognitive change abruptly

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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At all ages, __________ develops ahead of __________.


A) overextension; underextension
B) production; comprehension
C) comprehension; production
D) telegraphic speech; babbling

E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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Derrick speaks to his son using short sentences with high-pitched, exaggerated expression and clear gestures to support verbal meaning. Derrick is using __________.


A) a referential style
B) an expressive style
C) infant-directed speech
D) telegraphic speech

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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After watching 3-year-old Shana drop her raisins into a cup, 10-month-old Nicholas copies her and drops his raisins into a cup. Nicholas is in Substage __________ of the sensorimotor period substages.


A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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