Question 1

As a result of his studies with cats in "puzzle boxes," Thorndike proposed the "law of effect," which states that

Accepted Answer

A)   the presence of reward strengthens actions that prove to be successful while actions that prove unsuccessful become less likely to occur
B)   the presence of an aversive stimulus increases the arousal of an organism's response
C)   the effect of behaviour is to cause reward
D)   the likelihood of a behaviour is strengthened by all consequences, negative or positiveE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 2

In an attempt to get his class to quiet down more quickly, Dr. Johnson continuously sounds a very loud bullhorn until the class stops talking. This is an example o

Accepted Answer

A)   Positive reinforcement
B)   Positive punishment
C)   Negative reinforcement
D)   Negative punishmentE) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 3

Tolman suggested that during the non-reinforcement period in his experiment, the rats had been forming a cognitive map-a mental representation of the reinforcer

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

All of the following statements about Watson and Rayner's (1920)  "Little Albert" experiment are true, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)   After about seven pairings of a loud sound with a rat, Albert began to show fear in the presence of the rat alone.
B)   The methods used in the experiment were unethical, casual, and haphazard
C)   Watson and Rayner planned to recondition Albert away from the conditioned fear of rats.
D)   The study was never successfully replicated with another infant.E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 5

In one study of mirror neurons in primates, the neurons fired strongly when the monkeys observed the experimenter's hand moving to grasp an object, but not when

Accepted Answer

A)   the hand moved in similar way but with no apparent intention or goal
B)   the hand moved toward the monkeys
C)   the experimenter first primed the monkey's prefrontal cortex
D)   the monkeys had already grasped the objectE) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 6

Unlike radical behaviourism, this brand of behaviourism acknowledges the possibility of mental representations in learning.

Accepted Answer

A)   Performance studies
B)   Cognitive behaviourism
C)   Classical behaviourism
D)   PsychometricsE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 7

Pavlov found that if he allowed his animals to rest for several hours following the extinction of a behaviour, the conditioned response would spontaneously appear again upon re-presentation of the conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

In the premotor cortex of the monkey brain there is a network of these neurons, which fire either when a monkey performs a particular action or when the monkey merely observes another monkey or a human performing that action.

Accepted Answer

A)   Motor neurons
B)   Mirror neurons
C)   Interneurons
D)   Cranial neuronsE) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 9

In order for something to be a secondary reinforcer it must be

Accepted Answer

A)   Automatically related to survival or reproductive success
B)   Something with no intrinsic value as a refinforcer
C)   Just as powerful as primary reinforce
D)   Reliably associated with access to primary reinforcersE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 10

If a behaviour, like playing a slot machine, is continuously reinforced, the behaviour is initially strong but

Accepted Answer

A)   stays strong long after playing ceases to become rewarding
B)   is extinguished soon after the slot machine ceases delivering rewards
C)   is more likely to occur in a different context from the casino
D)   lingers longer than a partially reinforced behaviourE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 11

In the original version of Bandura's experiment, preschoolers were left in the company of an adult model who would either punch and kick an inflatable clown doll ("Bobo") -the kind with a rounded, weighted base that springs back up when knocked down-or, in the control conditions, the adult would

Accepted Answer

A)   Insult the doll
B)   Do nothing to the doll
C)   Physically throw the doll
D)   Play a violent TV programme for the dollE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 12

A clear answer to the debate over the connection between media violence and aggression has been difficult to obtain because

Accepted Answer

A)   movie and video game violence substantially increases the risk of aggressive and violent behaviour in the real world
B)   only the correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer is stronger than the correlation between media violence and aggression
C)   aggression and violence are almost never used as interchangeable concepts
D)   aggression is an abstract concept with widely varying definitionsE) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 13

__________takes place when an instinctive pattern of behaviour interferes with the operant conditioning of a behaviour

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________takes place when an instinctive pattern of...

Question 14

When psychologists refer to learning as the acquisition of knowledge of a new fact, they are talking about this type of knowledge.

Accepted Answer

A)   Behaviourist
B)   Explicit
C)   Implicit
D)   ProceduralE) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

Jason generally works hard at the law firm and is on a salary there. The firm pays Jason every 2 weeks to ensure that Jason's work is relatively equally distributed across days in the office. This is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

A)   Fixed-interval
B)   Fixed-ratio
C)   Variable-interval
D)   Variable-ratioE) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 16

According to this principle of operant conditioning, strong reinforcers can be used to reinforce weak reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

A)   Skinner's law
B)   Law of effect
C)   Equipotentiality
D)   Premack principleE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 17

One problem in generalizing about real-world violence from laboratory studies is that

Accepted Answer

A)   aggression as measured in laboratory research studies is quite often of the relatively mild variety
B)   the effects of media violence cannot be adequately demonstrated in the laboratory
C)   violence as measured in real-world research is usually very rare
D)   researchers often construct elaborate conditions in the laboratory to simulate media influenceE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 18

For behaviours reinforced on a __________schedule, there is an increase in the behaviour (bar presses) just before the time that reinforcement (food pellet) is scheduled to occur once again.

Accepted Answer

The answer of For behaviours reinforced on a __________schedule, there...

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT one of the three general statements about learning emphasized in the text?

Accepted Answer

A)   In learning, one acquires some new knowledge or behaviour as a result of specific experiences.
B)   Learning can only be inferred-it cannot be observed.
C)   Most of the behaviours that we learn are actually innate.
D)   The changes in behaviour or knowledge that occur as a result of learning are relatively enduringE) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 20

In classical conditioning, the organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with another stimulus if

Accepted Answer

A)   the neutral stimulus prepares the organism for the other stimulus
B)   the neutral stimulus is sufficiently intense
C)   the other stimulus produces an intense response
D)   the other stimulus is particularly noxiousE) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Exam 7: Learning

If a behaviour, like playing a slot machine, is continuously reinforced, the behaviour is initially strong but

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In one study of mirror neurons in primates, the neurons fired strongly when the monkeys observed the experimenter's hand moving to grasp an object, but not when

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the premotor cortex of the monkey brain there is a network of these neurons, which fire either when a monkey performs a particular action or when the monkey merely observes another monkey or a human performing that action.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A clear answer to the debate over the connection between media violence and aggression has been difficult to obtain because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the original version of Bandura's experiment, preschoolers were left in the company of an adult model who would either punch and kick an inflatable clown doll ("Bobo") -the kind with a rounded, weighted base that springs back up when knocked down-or, in the control conditions, the adult would

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Jason generally works hard at the law firm and is on a salary there. The firm pays Jason every 2 weeks to ensure that Jason's work is relatively equally distributed across days in the office. This is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

As a result of his studies with cats in "puzzle boxes," Thorndike proposed the "law of effect," which states that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

__________takes place when an instinctive pattern of behaviour interferes with the operant conditioning of a behaviour

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When psychologists refer to learning as the acquisition of knowledge of a new fact, they are talking about this type of knowledge.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to this principle of operant conditioning, strong reinforcers can be used to reinforce weak reinforcers.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

All of the following statements about Watson and Rayner's (1920) "Little Albert" experiment are true, EXCEPT:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In order for something to be a secondary reinforcer it must be

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In classical conditioning, the organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus with another stimulus if

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Unlike radical behaviourism, this brand of behaviourism acknowledges the possibility of mental representations in learning.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Pavlov found that if he allowed his animals to rest for several hours following the extinction of a behaviour, the conditioned response would spontaneously appear again upon re-presentation of the conditioned stimulus.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Tolman suggested that during the non-reinforcement period in his experiment, the rats had been forming a cognitive map-a mental representation of the reinforcer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

For behaviours reinforced on a __________schedule, there is an increase in the behaviour (bar presses) just before the time that reinforcement (food pellet) is scheduled to occur once again.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In an attempt to get his class to quiet down more quickly, Dr. Johnson continuously sounds a very loud bullhorn until the class stops talking. This is an example o

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One problem in generalizing about real-world violence from laboratory studies is that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is NOT one of the three general statements about learning emphasized in the text?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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