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Exam 24: DNA: The Genetic Material

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Question 1

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Human mtDNA is about 16,000 bp in size.

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B) False

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Question 2

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In reciprocal crosses of animals, extranuclear inheritance typically results in the exclusive expression of the maternal phenotype.

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A horticulturist who has not taken genetics is collecting seeds from flowers produced on different branches of a variegated plant. He separates and packages the seeds produced from normal green portions of the plant, from variegated branches, and from pure white portions, and markets them as normal, variegated, and albino varieties, respectively. Which patrons are likely to be unhappy with their purchase?

As a conservation geneticist, you are interested in saving the genetic heritage of an endangered bird species that has dwindled in population size to just a few individuals. You decide the best course of action is to attempt to hybridize these individuals with a related species. There are several species that look similar to the endangered bird species, but some are likely to be more closely related to it than others. How might you use mtDNA to help select the hybrid partner for your captive breeding program, and why might it be important to select the closest relative?

Some parasitic or symbiotic organisms are passed from parent to offspring transovarially-through the egg-by invading the egg cytoplasm. A general term for this phenomenon is

Which of the following enzymes are required for mitochondrial function?

The Malagasy people, who are native to the island of Madagascar off the African coast, are linguistically and phenotypically more similar to Indonesians than they are to mainland Africans. Outline a test of relationship using mitochondrial DNA.

The malarial protist Plasmodium, which is an obligate internal parasite of the blood of vertebrates, possesses a dysfunctional plastid. Formulate a hypothesis as to how this organism, which is never exposed to light, may have acquired its plastid. How could you test this hypothesis?

Pigmentless chloroplasts are called albinoplasts.

Purple nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria are the group of bacteria most closely related to modern mitochondria. Does this mean that mitochondria evolved from these bacteria?

In mitochondria, the initiator codon specifies F-met tRNA, as with nuclear genes.

mRNAs transcribed in the mitochondria are translated in the

Which of the following statements is true?

In all plants, as in animals, extranuclear DNA is maternally inherited.

Cells with more than one mitochondrial genotype are

Some proteins consist of a combination of mitochondrial-encoded and nuclear-encoded subunits.

Certain sea turtles that feed along the coast of South America migrate hundreds of miles in open ocean back to their natal south Atlantic island beaches in order to breed. An intriguing hypothesis proposed by marine biologist Archie Carr in the 1980s suggested that turtles in these populations began this migration pattern millions of years ago when the continental coast was much closer to the islands. As the continents drifted, the turtles were forced to migrate farther and farther out to sea. Can you think of a way to use mtDNA to test this hypothesis?

Explain how the inheritance of dextral vs. sinistral coiling in Limnaea snails is an example of maternal effect but not maternal inheritance.

The phenomenon where the expression of certain genes is determined by whether they are inherited from the maternal parent or paternal parent is called

From the Chlamydomonas cross mt+ [eryr] × mt- [erys], most of the offspring