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Exam 7: Sampling: Estimating the Frequency of Behaviors and Beliefs

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Question 21

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Dr.Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year.He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%.What is another term for the 4% value?

A) Margin of error
B) Sampling bias
C) Probability value
D) Statistical significance

E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Question 22

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Oversampling is a variant used in which of the following sampling techniques?

A) Simple random sampling
B) Cluster sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Stratified random sampling

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

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Question 23

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How are quota sampling and stratified random sampling similar?

A sample is to as a population is to .

RESEARCH STUDY 7.2: Dr.Parrett is a sports psychologist for a large Southern university.The provost and chancellor have asked him to examine the relationship between athletic performance and academic stress at the university.For example, is it the case that the most talented athletes experience the greatest concern over their grades? The provost and chancellor have made it clear to Dr.Parrett that they want a large amount of external validity in the study.He has valid and reliable measures of both athletic performance and academic stress.He knows that he does not have the time or the money to study the entire population of interest. What is the difference between a cluster technique and a multistage technique? Explain why Dr.Parrett would be advised to use a cluster or a multistage technique rather than a simple random sample.

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester.He is teaching two classes this semester-Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience.He gives his students a survey. 43 of 50 Introduction to Neuroscience students and 46 of 48 Psychology and Law students complete the survey.Based on this information, which of the following can Dr.Kramer say?

A representative sample is most necessary for which type of claim (frequency, association, or causal)? Why?

Another term for probability sampling is:

Explain the two reasons nonrandom samples are sometimes acceptable.

RESEARCH STUDY 7.2: Dr.Parrett is a sports psychologist for a large Southern university.The provost and chancellor have asked him to examine the relationship between athletic performance and academic stress at the university.For example, is it the case that the most talented athletes experience the greatest concern over their grades? The provost and chancellor have made it clear to Dr.Parrett that they want a large amount of external validity in the study.He has valid and reliable measures of both athletic performance and academic stress.He knows that he does not have the time or the money to study the entire population of interest. Describe the three sampling problems that could lead to a biased sample for Dr.Parrett.

Why might a researcher choose purposive sampling over systematic sampling?

RESEARCH STUDY 7.3: Dr.Dowling is a clinical psychologist who is interested in the link between mental illness and criminal activity.She gets IRB permission to study patients at all five inpatient/residential mental health facilities in her state.There are 4,307 patients currently living in these facilities.She asks patients whether they have ever been arrested for a crime and whether they have ever been convicted of a crime.She collects a sample size of 1,369.She finds that 27% (+/- 3%) report having been arrested for a crime but that only 13% (+/- 3%) have been convicted of a crime. Dr.Dowling is interviewed by a journalist about the findings of her study.The journalist asks her to explain what it means that "27% of the sample (+/- 3%) report having been arrested for a crime."

Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity?

Convenience sampling relies on which of the following?

Why are techniques like cluster sampling and multistage sampling just as externally valid as simple random sampling?

External validity is most important for which of the following claims?

RESEARCH STUDY 7.1: Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester.He is teaching two classes this semester-Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience.He gives his students a survey. What is Dr.Kramer's likely population of interest?

Dr.Chandler is a personality psychologist who is interested in studying the characteristics of people who report being abducted by UFOs.She finds several people in an online support group for UFO abductees to participate and asks them if they can provide the names and contact information of other people who have also been abducted.Upon contacting these new participants, she asks them to refer her to even more people they may know who have been abducted.This is an example of what kind of sampling?

RESEARCH STUDY 7.3: Dr.Dowling is a clinical psychologist who is interested in the link between mental illness and criminal activity.She gets IRB permission to study patients at all five inpatient/residential mental health facilities in her state.There are 4,307 patients currently living in these facilities.She asks patients whether they have ever been arrested for a crime and whether they have ever been convicted of a crime.She collects a sample size of 1,369.She finds that 27% (+/− 3%) report having been arrested for a crime but that only 13% (+/− 3%) have been convicted of a crime. Choose a representative sampling technique and a biased sampling technique.Explain how Dr.Dowling would implement each of these sampling techniques.

Which of the following is true of sample size?